Beautify Your Boise Home: The Enduring Value of Concrete Pavers

Enhance Your Outdoor Living with Durable & Stylish Pavers

For homeowners in Boise and the Treasure Valley, creating beautiful, functional outdoor spaces is a priority. Concrete pavers offer a versatile and long-lasting solution for patios, walkways, driveways, and more. Unlike traditional poured concrete, pavers provide a unique combination of strength, flexibility, and aesthetic appeal, making them an excellent investment for your property. At Boise Clean Cut Concrete, we’ve seen firsthand how concrete pavers can transform an ordinary yard into an extraordinary outdoor oasis.

Why Concrete Pavers are a Smart Choice for Boise Homeowners

Concrete pavers bring numerous advantages, especially suited for the unique climate of Boise, Idaho. Their manufactured nature often makes them a more budget-friendly option compared to natural stone, particularly when considering long-term costs. The sheer variety in styles, colors, and shapes allows for incredible design flexibility, enabling you to personalize your space. Whether envisioning a new concrete patio or a durable driveway, pavers are worth serious consideration.

One of the most significant benefits of concrete pavers in our region is their ability to withstand Boise’s freeze-thaw cycles. The temperature fluctuations between cold winters and warmer spring days can cause solid surfaces like poured concrete to crack. However, because pavers are individual units with joints, they possess inherent flexibility. This allows them to shift slightly with ground movement and temperature changes without cracking, making them exceptionally durable for our climate.

Beyond durability, concrete pavers significantly enhance curb appeal. A well-designed paver installation, whether it’s a welcoming walkway, a stylish patio, or a robust driveway, boosts your home’s aesthetic charm and often translates to increased resale value. Buyers appreciate the longevity and low maintenance of pavers compared to other surfaces.

Types of Concrete Pavers and Their Applications

Interlocking Pavers

These are the workhorses of the paver family. They are thick, strong, and designed with edge spacers to create uniform joints. Interlocking pavers are suitable for all applications, including high-traffic areas like driveways and RV pads. They often come with lifetime warranties for structural integrity.

Architectural Slab Pavers

Thinner than interlocking pavers, architectural slabs are designed to mimic the look of natural stone or brick. While not typically recommended for driveways due to their lesser thickness, they provide a refined and elegant appearance for patios, walkways, and pool decks. They are a cost-effective way to achieve a high-end look.

Concrete pavers also come in a variety of textures, including smooth, tumbled (for a weathered, rustic look), and textured (with imprinted patterns). This variety ensures you can find the perfect paver to complement your home’s style and your personal taste.

Expert Insight: The Importance of Proper Installation

“The longevity and performance of concrete pavers heavily depend on proper installation. A well-prepared base is critical. This involves excavating the area, laying and compacting a crushed stone base, and then adding a layer of sand. Skipping these steps can lead to shifting, settling, and an uneven surface over time. At Boise Clean Cut Concrete, we ensure every installation follows industry best practices for a beautiful and durable result.”

Concrete Pavers vs. Other Materials

Feature	Concrete Pavers	Poured Concrete	Asphalt
Durability	Excellent, resistant to cracking. Up to 8,000 PSI compressive strength.	Prone to cracking, especially in freeze-thaw cycles.	Requires regular sealing, can deteriorate faster.
Maintenance	Low; individual pavers easily replaced if damaged.	Repairs can be noticeable and costly.	Higher maintenance, requires resealing.
Aesthetics	Wide variety of colors, shapes, and patterns. Can mimic natural stone or brick.	Can be stamped, but lacks flexibility of pavers.	Limited Vvisual options, typically black.
Cost	Often initially more than basic concrete but cost-effective long-term.	Generally lower initial cost than pavers.	Can be cheaper initially.
Freeze-Thaw Resistance	Excellent due to joints allowing movement.	Susceptible to cracking.	Can be damaged by freeze-thaw cycles.

When considering decorative concrete options, pavers offer a distinct advantage in terms of individual unit replacement and long-term adaptability. If a paver becomes stained or damaged, it can be easily lifted and replaced without disturbing the entire surface.

Did You Know? Quick Facts About Concrete Pavers

Concrete pavers can last for 50 years or more with proper installation and maintenance.
They are typically stronger than poured concrete, with some boasting compressive strengths up to four times that of standard concrete.
Permeable pavers are an eco-friendly option, allowing rainwater to seep into the ground, reducing runoff and recharging groundwater.
Light-colored pavers can help reduce the heat island effect around your home by reflecting more sunlight.

Maintaining Your Boise Concrete Pavers

Concrete pavers are remarkably low-maintenance. Regular sweeping to remove debris and occasional rinsing with a hose is usually all that’s needed. For tougher stains, a pressure washer (on a low setting) or specialized paver cleaners can be used. It’s important to avoid harsh chemicals that could damage the pavers or the sealant.

During Boise’s winters, avoid using metal shovels for snow removal as they can scratch or chip the pavers. Opt for plastic shovels instead. While de-icing salts can be used, do so sparingly as some can be harsh on concrete over time. Sand or kitty litter can provide traction on icy surfaces. Annually inspect the joints between pavers; you may need to replenish the joint sand (polymeric sand is often recommended) every few years to keep them locked in place and prevent weeds.

Applying a quality sealer every few years can enhance the color, prevent stains, and protect your pavers from weathering, further extending their life and beauty. Consider exploring options for patio pavers in Boise to see the variety available.

The Boise Clean Cut Concrete Advantage

Choosing the right contractor is as crucial as selecting the right materials. Boise Clean Cut Concrete has been serving Boise and the greater Treasure Valley since 2004. As a family-run business, we pride ourselves on delivering high-quality craftsmanship and durable outdoor living solutions, from intricate retaining walls and firepits to expansive paver patios and driveways. Our deep understanding of local soil conditions and climate challenges ensures your paver project is built to last.

We understand that homeowners in Boise are looking for both aesthetic appeal and robust performance. Our team works closely with you to design and install concrete paver solutions that perfectly match your vision and lifestyle. Learn more about our commitment to quality and see how we can enhance your outdoor space.

Ready to Transform Your Outdoor Space?

Discover the beauty and durability of concrete pavers for your Boise home. Contact Boise Clean Cut Concrete today for a free, no-obligation estimate!

Get Your Free Estimate

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Are concrete pavers expensive?

A: While the initial cost of concrete pavers can be higher than basic poured concrete, they are often more cost-effective in the long run due to their durability and lower maintenance needs. They also add significant value to your property.

Q: How long do concrete pavers last?

A: With proper installation and maintenance, concrete pavers can last for 50 years or more. They are designed to withstand heavy traffic and harsh weather conditions.

Q: Can I install concrete pavers myself?

A: While DIY installation is possible, it requires careful planning, proper tools, and significant labor. Professional installation ensures a correct base preparation and proper compaction, which are crucial for the longevity and appearance of your paver surface. For information on professional estimates, you can get an estimate here.

Q: Are pavers slippery when wet?

A: Concrete pavers generally offer good traction and are slip-resistant, even when wet, making them a safe choice for patios, walkways, and pool decks. Some pavers also offer textured surfaces for enhanced slip resistance.

Q: Do weeds grow between pavers?

A: Weeds can sometimes grow in the joints if they are not properly filled and maintained. Using polymeric sand in the joints helps to prevent weed growth. Regular sweeping and occasional spot treatment can also manage any weeds that might appear.

Q: Can concrete pavers be used for driveways?

A: Yes, interlocking concrete pavers are an excellent choice for driveways due to their strength and ability to withstand vehicular traffic. It’s essential to ensure they are properly installed over a robust base.

For more answers, check out our full FAQ page.

Glossary of Terms

Architectural Slab Pavers: Thinner pavers, often mimicking natural stone, used for patios and walkways.
Base Material: Crushed stone or aggregate layer beneath the sand bedding that provides stability for pavers.
Bedding Sand: A layer of coarse sand, typically 1-inch deep, directly beneath the pavers, allowing for leveling.
Efflorescence: A white, powdery deposit that can sometimes appear on concrete surfaces, caused by soluble salts migrating to the surface. Usually weathers away over time or can be cleaned.
Freeze-Thaw Cycle: The process of water freezing and expanding in porous materials, then thawing, which can cause damage to inflexible surfaces.
Interlocking Pavers: Thick, durable pavers designed to fit together tightly, suitable for all applications including driveways.
Permeable Pavers: Pavers designed with larger gaps between them or made of porous material to allow water to infiltrate the ground beneath.
Polymeric Sand: A fine sand mixed with additives (polymers) that bind together when wet, locking pavers in place and inhibiting weed growth and insect intrusion in joints.
PSI (Pounds per Square Inch): A measure of compressive strength; higher PSI indicates stronger material.
Sealer: A liquid coating applied to pavers to protect them from stains, enhance color, and prolong their lifespan.

Elevate Your Boise Backyard: The Ultimate Guide to Concrete Patios

Transform Your Outdoor Space with Durable and Stylish Concrete

For homeowners in Boise and the greater Treasure Valley, a well-designed patio is more than just an outdoor feature; it’s an extension of your living space, a place for relaxation, entertainment, and creating lasting memories. When it comes to choosing the right material for your patio, concrete stands out for its versatility, durability, and aesthetic appeal. At Boise Clean Cut Concrete, we’ve seen firsthand how a professionally installed concrete patio can significantly enhance a home’s value and enjoyment. This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about choosing, designing, and maintaining the perfect concrete patio in Boise.

Whether you envision a simple, functional space or an elaborate, decorative centerpiece for your backyard, concrete offers a wealth of possibilities. From sleek modern designs to rustic, textured finishes, the adaptability of concrete allows it to complement any architectural style and landscaping theme.

Why Choose Concrete for Your Boise Patio?

Unmatched Durability

Concrete is incredibly strong and resilient, built to withstand the diverse weather conditions we experience in Boise, from hot summers to cold, snowy winters. A properly installed and sealed concrete patio can last for decades with minimal maintenance, resisting cracking, shifting, and wear from foot traffic and furniture. This long-term performance makes it a cost-effective investment for your property.

Design Versatility

Forget the image of plain, gray slabs. Modern concrete patios are highly customizable. Options include:

Stamped Concrete: Mimicking the look of natural stone, brick, slate, or even wood.
Colored Concrete: Integral color or surface-applied stains offer a wide palette.
Exposed Aggregate: A textured, slip-resistant surface showcasing natural stones.
Broom Finish: A classic, subtly textured, and slip-resistant surface.
Smooth Finish: Ideal for modern, sleek designs.

Learn more about how decorative concrete services in Boise can elevate your patio project.

Low Maintenance

Compared to wood decks that require regular staining and sealing, or pavers that can shift and grow weeds between joints, concrete patios are relatively easy to care for. Periodic cleaning with a hose and mild detergent, along with resealing every few years, will keep your patio looking its best.

Cost-Effectiveness

While the initial investment can vary based on complexity and design, concrete patios generally offer excellent value. Their longevity and low maintenance needs contribute to a lower overall lifetime cost compared to many other patio material options. When considering a new patio, it’s always wise to get an estimate to understand the specific costs for your project.

Designing Your Dream Concrete Patio in Boise

Planning your concrete patio involves several key considerations to ensure it meets your needs and complements your home. Think about how you intend to use the space. Will it be for intimate family dinners, large gatherings, quiet morning coffees, or as a base for an outdoor kitchen or fire pit? The intended use will influence the size, shape, and features of your patio.

Key Design Elements:

Size and Shape: Consider the available space and how much furniture or features you want to accommodate. Curved designs can soften landscaping, while geometric shapes offer a more modern feel.
Finish and Texture: As mentioned, options range from smooth to heavily textured. For Boise’s climate, a slightly textured, slip-resistant finish is often preferred for safety, especially around pools or in areas prone to moisture.
Color: Earth tones are popular as they blend well with natural surroundings. However, bolder colors can create a striking focal point. Consider how the color will complement your home’s exterior and landscaping.
Integration with Landscape: How will your patio connect with the rest of your yard? Consider walkways, steps, and surrounding plant beds. Integrating features like retaining walls or firepits can create a cohesive and functional outdoor environment.
Drainage: Proper slope and drainage are crucial to prevent water pooling and potential damage, especially with Boise’s freeze-thaw cycles. A professional contractor will ensure this is addressed.

While concrete patios are a fantastic option, some homeowners also consider patio pavers. Pavers offer a different aesthetic with individual units that can create intricate patterns. It’s worth exploring both options to determine the best fit for your vision and budget.

Did You Know? Quick Concrete Facts

Concrete is the most widely used man-made material on Earth.
Properly cured concrete continues to strengthen over time.
The Pantheon in Rome, completed around 128 AD, has a concrete dome that still stands today, showcasing concrete’s incredible longevity.
Decorative concrete techniques can significantly increase a home’s curb appeal and resale value.

Concrete Patios vs. Other Materials: A Quick Comparison

Feature	Concrete Patios	Wood Decks	Paver Patios
Durability	Very High (decades)	Moderate (10-25 years)	High (can last decades, individual units may shift)
Maintenance	Low (sealing every few years)	High (staining, sealing, repairs)	Moderate (weed control, occasional re-sanding/leveling)
Design Options	Very High (colors, stamps, finishes)	Moderate (wood types, stains)	High (patterns, colors, shapes)
Cost (Initial)	Moderate	Moderate to High	Moderate to High
Boise Climate Suitability	Excellent (with proper installation)	Good (requires diligent maintenance)	Very Good (flexible, allows for freeze-thaw movement)

The Boise Angle: Concrete Patios Tailored for the Treasure Valley Climate

Living in Boise means enjoying four distinct seasons, which also means your outdoor structures need to be resilient. At Boise Clean Cut Concrete, we understand the local climate and soil conditions. Here’s how we ensure your concrete patio is built to last in Idaho:

Proper Site Preparation: This is critical. We ensure a stable sub-base to prevent sinking or heaving due to ground movement or freeze-thaw cycles.
Quality Concrete Mix: We use high-quality concrete mixes appropriate for Boise’s temperature fluctuations, often incorporating air-entrainment to improve freeze-thaw resistance.
Reinforcement: Depending on the project, rebar or wire mesh reinforcement is used to add tensile strength and minimize cracking.
Control Joints: Strategically placed control joints help manage natural shrinkage cracking, directing cracks to occur in less visible, predetermined locations.
Professional Sealing: Applying a quality sealer protects the concrete from moisture penetration, stains, de-icing salts, and UV damage, prolonging its life and appearance.

Choosing a local, experienced concrete contractor in Boise like Boise Clean Cut Concrete ensures that these critical regional factors are addressed. Our team has been serving the Treasure Valley since 2004, bringing craftsmanship and local expertise to every project, from concrete driveways and RV pads to intricate patios.

Ready to Create Your Perfect Outdoor Oasis?

Let Boise Clean Cut Concrete bring your vision to life with a beautiful, durable concrete patio tailored to your Boise home. Our family-run business is dedicated to quality craftsmanship and customer satisfaction.

Request Your Free Estimate Today!

For more information about our company and values, feel free to learn more about us.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How long does a concrete patio last in Boise?

With proper installation, high-quality materials, and regular maintenance (like sealing), a concrete patio in Boise can easily last 30 years or more, often outliving other patio materials.

Will my concrete patio crack?

All concrete has the potential to develop small hairline cracks over time due to shrinkage or ground movement. However, professional installation techniques, including proper sub-base preparation, reinforcement, and the strategic placement of control joints, are designed to minimize and manage cracking effectively.

How much does a concrete patio cost in Boise?

The cost varies depending on size, complexity of design (e.g., stamped, colored), site accessibility, and preparation needed. Basic concrete patios are generally more affordable than elaborate decorative ones. We recommend requesting a free estimate for an accurate quote tailored to your specific project.

How long does it take to install a concrete patio?

Installation time depends on the project’s scope. A typical residential patio might take a few days for preparation, pouring, and finishing. Curing time is also a factor; while you can often walk on it after 24-48 hours, it takes about 28 days for concrete to reach its full design strength.

Can a concrete patio be installed on a slope?

Yes, concrete patios can be installed on sloped terrain. This might involve grading, terracing, or incorporating steps or retaining walls into the design. Our experienced team can assess your site and propose suitable solutions.

What kind of maintenance does a concrete patio require?

Maintenance is minimal. Regular sweeping or hosing down will keep it clean. Applying a quality sealer every 2-5 years (depending on wear and tear and sealer type) will protect it from stains, moisture, and weathering, keeping it looking great for years. Avoid using harsh de-icing chemicals in winter.

Have more questions? Check out our general FAQs page or contact us directly!

Glossary of Concrete Terms

Aggregate: Granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone that, along with water and cement, are a primary component of concrete.
Air-Entrainment: The incorporation of tiny air bubbles into concrete to improve its resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and de-icing chemicals.
Curing: The process of maintaining adequate moisture and temperature in freshly poured concrete for a period to allow it to achieve its desired strength and durability.
Control Joint (or Contraction Joint): A groove cut or tooled into concrete to create a weakened plane, inducing cracks to occur at that location rather than randomly.
Rebar (Reinforcing Bar): Steel bars used within concrete to increase its tensile strength.
Sealer: A protective coating applied to concrete surfaces to guard against moisture, stains, and wear.
Stamped Concrete: Concrete that is patterned and/or textured or embossed to resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, and various other patterns and textures.
Sub-base: The layer of compacted soil or aggregate material directly beneath the concrete slab, providing support and ensuring proper drainage.

Investing in Stability: The Benefits of a Concrete RV Pad in Boise

Secure Your Adventure: Why a Concrete RV Pad is a Smart Choice for Boise Homeowners

For Recreational Vehicle (RV) enthusiasts in Boise, Idaho, the thrill of the open road is undeniable. But what about when the adventure ends and it’s time to park your home-on-wheels? Simply parking on grass, gravel, or asphalt can lead to a host of problems, especially with Boise’s distinct seasons. Investing in a concrete RV pad from Boise Clean Cut Concrete offers a durable, long-lasting, and aesthetically pleasing solution that protects your investment and enhances your property.

Why Concrete Reigns Supreme for RV Pads in the Treasure Valley

When considering materials for your RV parking area, concrete stands out for numerous reasons. Unlike gravel, which can shift, wash away, and become messy, or asphalt, which can soften in the summer heat and crack in the cold, concrete provides a stable and resilient surface. This is particularly important in Boise, where the weather can range from hot summers to freezing winters with significant freeze-thaw cycles.

Durability and Strength: Concrete is exceptionally strong and can easily support the substantial weight of an RV without cracking, sinking, or shifting over time. A professionally installed concrete pad is built to last for decades.
Low Maintenance: Concrete RV pads require minimal upkeep. Unlike gravel that needs replenishing or asphalt that may require resealing, concrete simply needs occasional cleaning to maintain its appearance.
Level Surface: A concrete pad provides a perfectly level surface, which is crucial for the proper functioning of your RV’s appliances and systems, such as refrigerators and leveling jacks. It also makes setting up and stabilizing your RV much easier.
Protection for Your RV: Parking on an uneven or soft surface can put undue stress on your RV’s tires and chassis. A concrete pad protects your RV from moisture from the ground and potential damage from petroleum-based surfaces like asphalt.
Enhanced Property Value and Aesthetics: A well-constructed concrete RV pad adds a clean, organized look to your property and can significantly increase its value. It’s a desirable feature for potential home buyers, especially those who also own RVs.
Improved Drainage: Professional installation ensures proper sloping and drainage, preventing water from pooling around or under your RV.

Expert Insight: The Boise Clean Cut Concrete Advantage

“At Boise Clean Cut Concrete, we understand the specific needs of RV owners in the Treasure Valley. We don’t just pour concrete; we create custom solutions designed to protect your investment and enhance your property for years to come. Proper site preparation, correct concrete thickness, and attention to drainage are key to a long-lasting RV pad, and that’s what we deliver.” – The Boise Clean Cut Concrete Team

Did You Know? RV Pad Facts

A typical concrete RV pad is 4 to 6 inches thick, but this can vary based on the RV’s weight and local soil conditions.
Reinforcement, such as rebar or wire mesh, is often used in concrete RV pads to increase strength and prevent cracking.
Proper curing time is essential for a new concrete pad to reach its maximum strength – often 28 days.
Some Boise homeowners opt for decorative concrete finishes for their RV pads to enhance visual appeal further.

Considerations for Your Boise RV Pad Project

Before embarking on your concrete RV pad project in Boise, there are a few important factors to consider:

1. Site Selection and Preparation

Choosing the right location on your property is crucial. Consider accessibility for your RV, proximity to utilities (if you plan to hook up), and overall aesthetics. Proper site preparation is paramount and involves clearing the area, ensuring the ground is level, and compacting the sub-base to prevent settling and cracking.

2. Size and Thickness

The dimensions of your RV pad will depend on the size of your RV, including any slide-outs, and whether you want additional space for walkways or a small patio area. As mentioned, thickness is generally 4-6 inches but could be more for heavier RVs or specific soil conditions.

3. Drainage and Slope

A slight slope is necessary to ensure proper water runoff, preventing pooling and potential water damage to your RV or the pad itself. Experienced contractors like Boise Clean Cut Concrete will design the pad with effective drainage solutions.

4. Local Regulations and Permits

It’s important to be aware of any local Boise or Ada County regulations regarding RV parking on residential properties, including setback requirements or permits needed for construction. The Boise County Planning and Zoning Department can provide specific information. While Boise Clean Cut Concrete primarily serves Boise and the Treasure Valley (Ada County), understanding general county processes is helpful. You should confirm local HOA rules as well.

Maintaining Your Concrete RV Pad

One of the biggest advantages of a concrete RV pad is its low maintenance. However, a few simple steps can ensure its longevity:

Regular Cleaning: Sweep off leaves, dirt, and debris regularly. Periodic pressure washing can remove stubborn stains and keep it looking new.
Sealing: Applying a quality concrete sealer every few years can protect against stains from oil or other fluids and help resist weathering.
Prompt Crack Repair: While properly installed concrete is resistant to cracking, if small cracks do appear over time, sealing them promptly can prevent them from expanding, especially with Boise’s freeze-thaw cycles.

The Local Angle: RV Pads in Boise, Idaho

Boise’s growing popularity and the appeal of the surrounding Idaho landscape mean more residents are investing in RVs. Having a dedicated, high-quality concrete RV pad is becoming an increasingly valued home improvement project in communities across the Treasure Valley, including Meridian, Eagle, Nampa, and Caldwell. Local contractors like Boise Clean Cut Concrete are experienced in designing and installing RV pads that meet the demands of Idaho’s climate and enhance the functionality and appeal of your property. An RV pad doesn’t just provide parking; it can become part of a larger outdoor living space, perhaps alongside a new concrete patio or near retaining walls and firepits, creating a cohesive and attractive backyard environment.

Ready to Upgrade Your RV Parking in Boise?

Protect your valuable RV and enhance your property with a durable, custom concrete RV pad from Boise Clean Cut Concrete. Our experienced team provides high-quality craftsmanship for all your concrete needs, from RV pads and driveways to beautiful paver installations.

Get Your Free Estimate Today!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

How long does a concrete RV pad last?

A properly installed and maintained concrete RV pad can last for decades, often 30 years or more.

Is a permit required for an RV pad in Boise?

Permit requirements can vary. It’s best to check with the City of Boise or Ada County planning and zoning departments. A reputable contractor like Boise Clean Cut Concrete can also guide you through this process. You can also check the FAQs page on our website for more general information.

What is the average cost of a concrete RV pad in Boise?

The cost can vary significantly based on size, thickness, site preparation needed, and any decorative finishes. It’s best to get a custom estimate for your specific project.

Can I park my RV on a concrete driveway?

Yes, if the concrete driveway was constructed to support the weight of an RV. Standard driveways may not be thick enough or adequately reinforced for long-term RV parking.

How thick should a concrete RV pad be?

Generally, 4-6 inches is recommended, but heavier RVs or poor soil conditions might require a thicker slab, potentially up to 6 inches or more with reinforcement.

Glossary of Terms

Sub-base/Subgrade: The layer of soil or material directly beneath the concrete slab. Proper preparation of the subgrade is crucial for the longevity of the concrete.
Rebar (Reinforcing Bar): Steel bars embedded in concrete to increase its tensile strength and help prevent cracking.
Wire Mesh: A grid of steel wires used as reinforcement in concrete slabs, similar to rebar but typically for lighter applications or thinner slabs.
Curing: The process by which concrete hardens and gains strength after being poured. It involves maintaining adequate moisture and temperature.
Freeze-Thaw Cycles: The repeated process of water freezing and thawing within porous materials like concrete, which can cause stress and cracking if the concrete is not properly air-entrained or sealed.
Setback: The minimum distance required by zoning regulations between a structure (like an RV pad) and property lines, roads, or other features.